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1. 1. Does shaping require punishing every movement that misses the current criterion?

   Does shaping require punishing every movement that misses the current criterion?

   No, use a suitable setup and reward achievable progress Yes, errors must always hurt Yes, otherwise the dog cannot distinguish actions

2. 2. The dog has not approached a new training mat. Which starting criterion may be achievable?

   The dog has not approached a new training mat. Which starting criterion may be achievable?

   Completing the whole exercise at a distance Remaining on it for several minutes A voluntary glance towards the mat

3. 3. Two carers practise the same new action but reward different versions without planning. What helps?

   Two carers practise the same new action but reward different versions without planning. What helps?

   Use conflicting instructions more loudly Let the dog infer an unwritten compromise Agree on the current observable criterion

4. 4. A dog spontaneously places its chin down and the trainer marks that complete action. Which technique best describes this?

   A dog spontaneously places its chin down and the trainer marks that complete action. Which technique best describes this?

   Shaping every component separately Forcing the head into position Capturing an offered behaviour

5. 5. Which note makes the next shaping session easier to plan?

   Which note makes the next shaping session easier to plan?

   The trainer's mood without any task details The last manageable criterion and observed responses The dog should try harder next time

6. 6. You want to mark a brief nose contact, but click after the dog turns away. What needs improving?

   You want to mark a brief nose contact, but click after the dog turns away. What needs improving?

   The timing of the marker The loudness of the request The dog's willingness to guess your intention

7. 7. After a harder criterion is introduced, a dog starts pawing and barking in confusion. What helps?

   After a harder criterion is introduced, a dog starts pawing and barking in confusion. What helps?

   Wait indefinitely without changing anything Increase every requirement again Return to an easier step or pause

8. 8. When is a useful time to attach a cue to a newly shaped action?

   When is a useful time to attach a cue to a newly shaped action?

   Only after all rewards have stopped forever When the action is being offered consistently Before the dog has ever approached the task, by repeating it constantly

9. 9. You marked an approximation and then decided it was not perfect. What should follow that marker?

   You marked an approximation and then decided it was not perfect. What should follow that marker?

   The promised reward, then a clearer plan for the next attempt Nothing, so the dog questions every marker A correction for accepting an imperfect attempt

10. 10. The shaped action works in one room but falters in another. What is a reasonable plan?

    The shaped action works in one room but falters in another. What is a reasonable plan?

    Lower difficulty while practising in the new room Remove all rewards because the skill was taught once Assume the dog has forgotten every lesson

11. 11. The complete relaxed posture you want already appears naturally. Must every part be shaped separately?

    The complete relaxed posture you want already appears naturally. Must every part be shaped separately?

    No, capturing it may be an appropriate option Yes, natural behaviour cannot be rewarded Yes, otherwise no learning occurs

12. 12. A dog follows a treat through a movement. What distinguishes this from free shaping?

    A dog follows a treat through a movement. What distinguishes this from free shaping?

    The treat guides the movement The movement must be involuntary No learning can occur

13. 13. What does shaping add when a complete new action is not yet offered?

    What does shaping add when a complete new action is not yet offered?

    A demand for the final action from the first attempt Physical restraint until the movement occurs Rewarded steps that progressively approach the goal

14. 14. The target surface slides whenever the dog approaches. What comes before raising the criterion?

    The target surface slides whenever the dog approaches. What comes before raising the criterion?

    Hold the dog in place over it Expect balance to improve through repeated slips Make the setup stable and comfortable

15. 15. The dog readily offers the current small step. What can the trainer do next?

    The dog readily offers the current small step. What can the trainer do next?

    Demand every remaining component at once Select a slightly closer approximation Change the goal without observing the dog

16. 16. A dog is learning to touch a hand target. What should create the contact?

    A dog is learning to touch a hand target. What should create the contact?

    Holding its head still against the hand Its own movement towards the target Pushing the hand into its nose

17. 17. What is a better measure of a shaping plan than finishing before another dog?

    What is a better measure of a shaping plan than finishing before another dog?

    Clear progress with comfortable participation Completing a preset number regardless of response Winning a race to the hardest version

18. 18. A nose touch is reliable. How can duration be introduced?

    A nose touch is reliable. How can duration be introduced?

    Delay the marker by a small manageable interval Demand a minute immediately Hold the muzzle against the target

19. 19. The dog repeatedly moves away from a shaping game. What should guide the response?

    The dog repeatedly moves away from a shaping game. What should guide the response?

    Assume leaving proves the dog knows the exercise Block every exit until the goal is reached Reassess the task and allow a break

20. 20. Which goal is easiest to break into observable shaping steps?

    Which goal is easiest to break into observable shaping steps?

    Be more impressive Place both front paws on a stable low mat Understand everything better